Retraction Policy

The retraction of a published article is carried out in accordance with the Retraction Guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) (https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines).

Retraction may be initiated in the following cases:

• proven cases of scientific misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism);
• significant methodological errors that undermine the validity of the conclusions;
• duplicate publication;
• unethical research practices.

In the event of retraction:

• the original article remains in open access as part of the scientific archive;
• the PDF version is clearly marked with the label “Retracted”;
• an official retraction notice is published, stating the reasons;
• authors receive a written notification with the relevant justification.