R&D Spending: The Methodological Framework for Measurement and Global Tendencies in R&D Financing
Keywords:
science sphere, research and development (R&D), R&D spending, R&D financing, Frascati Manual.Abstract
The article is devoted to vital issues of R&D financing. It is demonstrated that R&D spending is a principle tool of public science & technology and innovation policies, designed to enhance technological independence, sustainable development and national security of countries. Although issues of R&D spending have been subject to research by foreign and domestic scientists and practical economists, the changing global tendencies in the sources of financing by sector, type of R&D, field of science and territory require a further in-depth study.
The article contains a review of the main indicators used for analysis of R&D spending according to Frascati Manual laying the methodological ground for statistical data collection and preparation of reports on measurement of resources and results of R&D. Using a standard system of basic definitions and classifications, general approaches to the measurement of resources and results of R&D allows for making correct and reliable international comparisons.
The countries that are global leaders in R&D financing were identified. The top position was with the U.S., with the share in the global R&D spending equal to 42.1%. The second position was with China (17.8%) that could outrank EU-27 (17.5%). Crucial global problems and tendencies in R&D investment were highlighted. An analysis and comparison of the main financial indicators of R&D spending for Ukraine and other countries was made.
Results of the study confirm that R&D has become a large-scale economic sector requiring the increasing scopes of financial resources every year. The types of efforts implemented by countries leading in R&D investment, to improve institutional schemes for effective R&D financing, are analyzed. Some problems faced by Ukraine are outlined, and recommendations on their solution are proposed.
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References
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4. Larrue, Ph., Guellec, D., & Sgard, F. (2018). New trends in public research funding. OECD Science, Technology and Іnnovation Оutlook 2018: Adapting to Technological and Societal Disruption. (pр. 185–204). Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/oecd-science-technology-and-innovation-outlook-2018/new-trends-in-public-research-funding_sti_in_outlook-2018-13-en#page1
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6. Seidl da Fonseca, R., Pinheiro-Veloso, A. (2018). The practice and future of financing science, technology, and innovation. Foresight and STI Governance, 12, 2, 6–22. DOI: 10.17323/2500-2597.2018.2.6.22
7. Aagaard, K., Mongeon, P., Ramos-Vielba, I., & Thomas, D. A. (2021). Getting to the bottom of research funding: Acknowledging the complexity of funding dynamics. PLOS ONE, 16 (5): e0251488. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251488
8. Kim, W., & Min, S. (2020). The effects of funding policy change on the scientific performance of government research institutes. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 28, 2, 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2020.1734951
9. Bulkin, I. A. (25.09.2017). Kto i kak finansiruet nauku v Ukraine v XXI veke [Who and how finances R&D in Ukraine in the 21st century]. Spilne – Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.com.ua/uk/kto-i-kak-finansiruet-nauku-v-ukraine-v-xxi-veke/ [in Russian].
10. Bulkin, I. A. (2016). Prioritety udelnogo finansirovaniya NIOKR v Ukraine v distsiplinarnom aspekte [Priorities of specific financing of R&D in Ukraine in the disciplinary aspect]. Nauka ta naukoznavstvo – Science and science of science, 3, 71–88. Retrieved from http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/132283/06-Bulkin.pdf?sequence=1 [in Russian].
11. Sokolovska, A. (2018). Finansuvannia nauky v Ukraini: napriamy zmin (Funding science in Ukraine: directions for change). Visnyk Kyivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka. Ekonomika – Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Economics, 5 (200), 50–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2018/200-5/7 [in Ukrainian].
12. Hryha, V. Yu, Ryzhkova, Yu. O. (2021). Derzhavne finansuvannia doslidzhen i rozrobok v okremykh krainakh Tsentralnoi ta Skhidnoi Yevropy: suchasnyi stan ta osoblyvosti rozpodilu koshtiv. (Government R&D funding in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe: the current performance and patterns of distribution). Nauka ta naukoznavstvo – Science and science of science, 3 (113), 50–75. DОІ: https://doi.org/10.15407/sofs2021.03.050 [in Ukrainian].
13. Kuranda, T. K., & Kochetkova, O. P. (2021). Stan ta problemy finansuvannia naukovoi sfery za pidsumkamy monitorynhu (Status and problems of financing the scientific sphere as a result of monitoring). Nauka, tekhnolohii, innovatsii – Science, technologies, innovation, 4 (20), 3–13. DОІ: http://doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2021-4-01 [in Ukrainian].
14. OECD. (2015). Frascati Manual 2015. Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264239012-en
15. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics. Official Journal of the European Union, 271, 18.8.2020, 1–170. Retrieved April 20, 2024 from http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2020/1197/oj
16. OECD. (2023). Main Science and Technology Indicators. Vol. 2022, Issue 2. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/1cdcb031-en
17. Orhanizatsiia ekonomichnoho spivrobitnytstva ta rozvytku (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Ofitsiinyi sait Ministerstva zakordonnykh sprav Ukrainy. mfa.gov.ua. Retrieved April 18, 2024 from https://mfa.gov.ua/mizhnarodni-vidnosini/organizaciya-ekonomichnogo-spivrobitnictva-ta-rozvitku [in Ukrainian].
18. ОЕСD (2024). Research and Development Statistics. Main Science and Technology Indicators. Dataset. www.oecd.org. Retrieved April 20, 2024 from https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/main-science-and-technology-indicators.html
19. Eurostat. (March 2024). Statistic explained. R&D expenditure. ec.europa.eu. Retrieved April 20, 2024 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=R%26D_expenditure
20. Kerivnytstvo Fraskati 2015. (2023). Nastanovy shchodo zboru ta publikatsii danykh pro doslidzhennia ta eksperymentalni rozrobky. Vymiriuvannia naukovoi, tekhnolohichnoi ta innovatsiynoi diialnosti [Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development. The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities]. Kyiv: DNTB Ukrainy, Retrieved from https://mon.gov.ua/storage/app/media/nauka/2023/11/15/01/Kerivnytstvo.Fraskati-2015-15.11.2023.pdf [in Ukrainian].
21. Natsionalnyi klasyfikator Ukrainy DK 009:2010. Klasyfikatsiia vydiv ekonomichnoi diialnosti: pryinyato ta nadano chynnosti nakazom Derzhspozhyvstandartu Ukrainy vid 11.10.2010 r. № 457, stanom na 04.01.2023 r. [National Classifier of Ukraine SC 009.2010. Classification of economic activity. Enacted by the order of the Derzhspozhivstandard of Ukraine of 11.10.2010 No. 457, as of 04.01.2023]. zakon.rada.gov.ua. Retrieved from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/rada/show/vb457609-10#Text [in Ukrainian].
22. Statystychna informatsiya / Ekonomichna statystyka / Nauka, tekhnolohiyi ta innovatsiyi / Nauka / Naukovi doslidzhennya i rozrobky/ Vytraty na naukovi doslidzhennya ta rozrobky (2021–2023) [Statistical information / Economic statistics / Science, technology and innovation / Science / Scientific research and development / Expenditure on scientific research and development (2021–2023)]. State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Retrieved April 17, 2024 from https://ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/menu/menu_u/ni.htm [in Ukrainian].
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24. Pisarenko, T. V., Kuranda, T. K., Havrys, T. V., Shved, N. Yu., Osadcha, A. B., Titaievska, E. S., & et al. (2023). Naukova ta naukovo-tekhnichna diialnist v Ukraini u 2022 rotsi [Scientific and scientific and technical activity in Ukraine in 2022]. Кyiv: UkrINTEI. Retrieved from https://mon.gov.ua/storage/app/media/nauka/2023/07/25/Nauk-analit.dopov.Naukova.ta.nauk-tekhn.diyaln.v.Ukr.2022-25.07.2023.pdf [in Ukrainian].
25. Frueh, S. (June 27, 2024). In State of the Science Address, NAS President Urges Improvements to K-12 Science Education in Order to Strengthen the U.S. STEM Workforce. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Retrieved from https://www.nationalacademies.org/news/2024/06/in-state-of-the-science-address-nas-president-urges-improvements-to-k-12-science-education-in-order-to-strengthen-the-u-s-stem-workforce
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Published
2024-03-31
How to Cite
Zhukovych І. A. . (2024). R&D Spending: The Methodological Framework for Measurement and Global Tendencies in R&D Financing. Statistics of Ukraine, 105(2), 35–45. Retrieved from https://su-journal.com.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/440
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